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Design and Testing of the Front-End Electronics of WCDA in LHAASO
Aharonian, F.1,2; An, Q.3,4; Axikegu5; Bai, L. X.6; Bai, Y. X.6,7,8,9,13,16; Bao, Y. W.10; Bastieri, D.11; Bi, X. J.7,8,9,12,13; Bi, Y. J.7,8,9,13; Cai, H.14; Cai, J. T.11; Cao, Z.3,4,7,8,9,12,13; Cao, Z.7,8,9,12,13; Chang, J.15; Chang, J. F.7,8,13,16; Chang, X. C.7,8,9,13; Chen, B. M.17; Chen, J.6; Chen, L.7,8,9,12,13,18; Chen, L.5,7,8,9,12,13,18; Chen, L.7,8,9,12,13,18; Chen, M. J.7,8,9,13; Chen, M. L.7,8,13,16; Chen, Q. H.5; Chen, S. H.12; Chen, S. Z.7,8,9,13; Chen, T. L.19; Chen, X. L.12; Chen, Y.10; Cheng, N.7,8,9,13; Cheng, Y. D.7,8,9,13; Cui, S. W.17; Cui, X. H.20; Cui, Y. D.21,22; Dai, B. Z.23; Dai, H. L.7,8,13,16; Dai, Z. G.10; Danzengluobu19; Dong, R. S.3,4; Dong, X. J.7,8,9,13; Fan, J. H.11; Fan, Y. Z.15; Fan, Z. X.7,8,9,13; Fang, J.23; Fang, K.7,8,9,12,13; Feng, C. F.24; Feng, L.15; Feng, S. H.7,8,9,13; Feng, Y. L.15; Gao, B.7,8,9,13; Gao, C. D.24; Gao, Q.19; Gao, W.24; Ge, M. M.23; Geng, L. S.7,8,9,13; Gong, G. H.25; Gou, Q. B.7,8,9,13; Gu, J. L.3,4; Gu, M. H.7,8,13,16; Guo, J. G.7,8,9,12,13; Guo, X. L.5; Guo, Y. Q.7,8,9,13; Guo, Y. Y.7,9; Han, Y. A.26; He, H. H.7,8,9,12,13; He, H. N.15; He, J. C.7,8,9,12,13; He, S. L.11; He, X. B.21,22; He, Y.5; He, Z. Q.3,4; Heller, M.27; Hor, Y. K.21,22; Hou, C.7,8,9,13; Hou, X.28; Hu, H. B.7,8,9,12,13; Hu, S.6; Hu, S. C.7,8,9,12,13; Hu, X. J.25; Huang, D. H.5; Huang, Q. L.7,8,9,13; Huang, W. H.24; Huang, X.24; Huang, Z. C.5; Ji, F.7,8,9,13; Ji, X. L.7,8,13,16; Jia, H. Y.5; Jiang, K.3,4; Jiang, Z. J.23; Jin, C.7,8,9,12,13; Kuleshov, D.29; Levochkin, K.29; Li, B. B.17; Li, C.3,4,7,8,9,13; Li, C.3; Li, F.16; Li, H. B.7,8,9,13; Li, H. C.7,8,9,13; Li, H. Y.15,30; Li, J.16; Li, K.7,8,9,13; Li, W. L.24; Li, X.3,4; Li, X.5; Li, X. R.7,8,9,13; Li, Y.6; Li, Y. Z.7,8,9,12,13; Li, Z.7,8,9,13,18; Li, Z.18; Liang, E. W.31; Liang, Y. F.31; Lin, S. J.21,22; Liu, B.30; Liu, C.7,8,9,13; Liu, D.24; Liu, H.5; Liu, H. D.26; Liu, J.7,8,9,13; Liu, J. L.18; Liu, J. S.21,22; Liu, J. Y.7,8,9,13; Liu, M. Y.19; Liu, R. Y.10; Liu, S. M.15; Liu, W.7,8,9,13; Liu, Y. N.25; Liu, Z. X.6; Long, W. J.5; Lu, R.23; Lv, H. K.7,8,9,13; Ma, B. Q.32; Ma, L. L.7,8,9,13; Ma, X. H.7,8,9,13; Mao, J. R.28; Masood, A.5; Mitthumsiri, W.33; Montaruli, T.27; Nan, Y. C.24; Pang, B. Y.5; Pattarakijwanich, P.33; Pei, Z. Y.11; Piazzoli, B. D'Ettorre34; Qi, M. Y.7,8,9,13; Qin, J. J.3,4; Ruffolo, D.33; Rulev, V29; Saiz, A.33; Shao, L.17; Shchegolev, O.29,35; Sheng, X. D.7,8,9,13; Shi, J. R.7,8,9,13; Song, C. X.3,4; Song, H. C.32; Stenkin, Yu, V29,35; Stepanov, V29; Sun, Q. N.5; Sun, X. N.31; Sun, Z. B.36; Tam, P. H. T.21,22; Tang, Z. B.3,4; Tian, W. W.20; della Volpe, D.27; Wang, B. D.7,8,9,13; Wang, C.36; Wang, H.5; Wang, H. G.11; Wang, J. C.28; Wang, J. S.18; Wang, L. P.24; Wang, L. Y.7,8,9,13; Wang, R. N.5; Wang, W.14,21,22; Wang, W.14,21,22; Wang, X. G.31; Wang, X. J.7,8,9,13; Wang, X. Y.10; Wang, Y. D.7,8,9,13; Wang, Y. J.7,8,9,13; Wang, Y. P.7,8,9,12,13; Wang, Z.16,18; Wang, Z.16,18; Wang, Z. H.6; Wang, Z. X.23; Wei, D. M.15; Wei, J. J.15; Wei, Y. J.7,8,9,12,13; Wen, T.23; Wu, C. Y.7,8,9,13; Wu, H. R.7,8,9,13; Wu, S.7,8,9,13; Wu, W. X.5; Wu, X. F.15; Xi, S. Q.5; Xia, J.15,30; Xia, J. J.30; Xiang, G. M.8,9,37; Xiao, G.7,8,9,13; Xiao, H. B.11; Xin, G. G.14; Xin, Y. L.7,8,9,13; Xing, Y.18; Xu, D. L.18; Xu, R. X.32; Xue, L.24; Yan, D. H.28; Yan, X. B.38; Yang, C. W.6; Yang, F. F.7,8,13,16; Yang, J. Y.21,22; Yang, L. L.21,22; Yang, M. J.7,8,9,13; Yang, R. Z.30; Yang, S. B.23; Yao, Y. H.6; Yao, Z. G.7,8,9,13; Ye, Y. M.25; Yin, L. Q.7,8,9,13; Yin, N.24; You, X. H.7,8,9,13; You, Z. Y.7,8,9,12,13; Yu, Y. H.24; Yuan, Q.15; Zeng, H. D.15; Zeng, T. X.7,8,13,16; Zeng, W.23; Zeng, Z. K.7,8,9,12,13; Zha, M.7,8,9,13; Zhai, X. X.7,8,9,13; Zhang, B. B.10; Zhang, H. M.10; Zhang, H. Y.24; Zhang, J. L.20; Zhang, J. W.6; Zhang, L.23; Zhang, L.23; Zhang, L. X.11; Zhang, P. F.23; Zhang, P. P.17; Zhang, R.30,37; Zhang, S. R.17; Zhang, S. S.7,8,9,13; Zhang, X.10; Zhang, X. P.7,8,9,13; Zhang, Y.7,8,9,13; Zhang, Y.15; Zhang, Y. F.7,8,9,13; Zhang, Y. L.7,8,9,13; Zhao, B.7,8,9,13; Zhao, J.7,8,9,13; Zheng, F.36; Zuo, X.7,8,9,13; Zhao, L.7,8,9,13; Zhou, H.18; Zhou, J. N.18; Zhou, P.10; Zhou, R.6; Zhou, S. Z.3,4; Zhou, X. X.5; Zhu, C. G.7,8,9,13; Zhu, F. R.5; Zhu, H.20; Zhu, K. J.7,8,9,13; Zhao, L. Z.17; Zhao, S. P.24,38
2021-08-01
Source PublicationIEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NUCLEAR SCIENCE
ISSN0018-9499
Volume68Issue:8Pages:2257-2267
AbstractWater Cherenkov detector array (WCDA) is one of the key parts of the Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO), the construction of which was completed by the end of 2020. The WCDA covers a 78 000-m(2) area and there exist 3120 large size photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) in three ponds: 8-in PMTs are used in WCDA pond No. 1 and 20-in PMTs are used in ponds No. 2 and No. 3. The front-end electronics (FEE) system based on multigain measurement technique is designed to achieve both high-precision time and charge measurements over a large dynamic range from single photon electron (S.P.E.) to 4000 P.E. (for water pond No. 1)/1800 P.E. (for water ponds No. 2 and No. 3). To achieve a high-quality clock distribution and phase alignment as well as mixed transmission of data, clock, and commands in one fiber over a long distance, an enhanced white rabbit (WR) technique is used. Testing of all the 350 FEE modules for the WCDA is presented in this article. Test results indicate that the charge resolution is better than 20% at S.P.E. and 1% at 1800/4000 P.E. and the time resolution is better than 300 ps root mean square (rms), which successfully meets the application requirement. All the FEE modules have been fabricated and installed for the LHAASO WCDA from 2018 to 2020, and the initial commissioning operation indicates that the FEEs function well.
KeywordCharge measurement Clocks Dynamic range Gain measurement Detectors Field programmable gate arrays Cosmic rays Front-end electronics (FEE) large dynamic range Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO) time and charge measurement water Cherenkov detector array (WCDA)
Funding OrganizationNational Key Research and Development Program of China in China ; National Key Research and Development Program of China in China ; NSFC ; NSFC ; Thailand Science Research and Innovation in Thailand ; Thailand Science Research and Innovation in Thailand ; Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS ; Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS ; CAS Center for Excellence in Particle Physics (CCEPP) ; CAS Center for Excellence in Particle Physics (CCEPP) ; Chengdu Management Committee of Tianfu New Area ; Chengdu Management Committee of Tianfu New Area ; National Key Research and Development Program of China in China ; National Key Research and Development Program of China in China ; NSFC ; NSFC ; Thailand Science Research and Innovation in Thailand ; Thailand Science Research and Innovation in Thailand ; Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS ; Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS ; CAS Center for Excellence in Particle Physics (CCEPP) ; CAS Center for Excellence in Particle Physics (CCEPP) ; Chengdu Management Committee of Tianfu New Area ; Chengdu Management Committee of Tianfu New Area ; National Key Research and Development Program of China in China ; National Key Research and Development Program of China in China ; NSFC ; NSFC ; Thailand Science Research and Innovation in Thailand ; Thailand Science Research and Innovation in Thailand ; Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS ; Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS ; CAS Center for Excellence in Particle Physics (CCEPP) ; CAS Center for Excellence in Particle Physics (CCEPP) ; Chengdu Management Committee of Tianfu New Area ; Chengdu Management Committee of Tianfu New Area ; National Key Research and Development Program of China in China ; National Key Research and Development Program of China in China ; NSFC ; NSFC ; Thailand Science Research and Innovation in Thailand ; Thailand Science Research and Innovation in Thailand ; Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS ; Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS ; CAS Center for Excellence in Particle Physics (CCEPP) ; CAS Center for Excellence in Particle Physics (CCEPP) ; Chengdu Management Committee of Tianfu New Area ; Chengdu Management Committee of Tianfu New Area
DOI10.1109/TNS.2021.3092739
Language英语
Funding ProjectNational Key Research and Development Program of China in China[2018YFA0404201] ; National Key Research and Development Program of China in China[2018YFA0404202] ; National Key Research and Development Program of China in China[2018YFA0404203] ; National Key Research and Development Program of China in China[2018YFA0404204] ; NSFC[11722545] ; NSFC[12022502] ; NSFC[11905227] ; NSFC[U1931112] ; NSFC[11635011] ; NSFC[11761141001] ; Thailand Science Research and Innovation in Thailand[RTA6280002] ; Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS ; CAS Center for Excellence in Particle Physics (CCEPP) ; Chengdu Management Committee of Tianfu New Area
Funding OrganizationNational Key Research and Development Program of China in China ; National Key Research and Development Program of China in China ; NSFC ; NSFC ; Thailand Science Research and Innovation in Thailand ; Thailand Science Research and Innovation in Thailand ; Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS ; Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS ; CAS Center for Excellence in Particle Physics (CCEPP) ; CAS Center for Excellence in Particle Physics (CCEPP) ; Chengdu Management Committee of Tianfu New Area ; Chengdu Management Committee of Tianfu New Area ; National Key Research and Development Program of China in China ; National Key Research and Development Program of China in China ; NSFC ; NSFC ; Thailand Science Research and Innovation in Thailand ; Thailand Science Research and Innovation in Thailand ; Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS ; Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS ; CAS Center for Excellence in Particle Physics (CCEPP) ; CAS Center for Excellence in Particle Physics (CCEPP) ; Chengdu Management Committee of Tianfu New Area ; Chengdu Management Committee of Tianfu New Area ; National Key Research and Development Program of China in China ; National Key Research and Development Program of China in China ; NSFC ; NSFC ; Thailand Science Research and Innovation in Thailand ; Thailand Science Research and Innovation in Thailand ; Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS ; Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS ; CAS Center for Excellence in Particle Physics (CCEPP) ; CAS Center for Excellence in Particle Physics (CCEPP) ; Chengdu Management Committee of Tianfu New Area ; Chengdu Management Committee of Tianfu New Area ; National Key Research and Development Program of China in China ; National Key Research and Development Program of China in China ; NSFC ; NSFC ; Thailand Science Research and Innovation in Thailand ; Thailand Science Research and Innovation in Thailand ; Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS ; Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS ; CAS Center for Excellence in Particle Physics (CCEPP) ; CAS Center for Excellence in Particle Physics (CCEPP) ; Chengdu Management Committee of Tianfu New Area ; Chengdu Management Committee of Tianfu New Area
WOS Research AreaEngineering ; Nuclear Science & Technology
WOS SubjectEngineering, Electrical & Electronic ; Nuclear Science & Technology
WOS IDWOS:000687247300101
PublisherIEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC
Citation statistics
Document Type期刊论文
Identifierhttp://ir.bao.ac.cn/handle/114a11/75296
Collection中国科学院国家天文台
Corresponding AuthorZhao, L.
Affiliation1.Dublin Inst Adv Studies, Dublin 2, Ireland
2.Max Planck Inst Nucl Phys, Saupfercheckweg 1, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany
3.Univ Sci & Technol China, State Key Lab Particle Detect & Elect, Hefei, Anhui, Peoples R China
4.Univ Sci & Technol China, Dept Modern Phys, Hefei 230026, Peoples R China
5.Southwest Jiaotong Univ, Sch Phys Sci & Technol, Chengdu, Sichuan, Peoples R China
6.Sichuan Univ, Coll Phys, Chengdu, Sichuan, Peoples R China
7.Chinese Acad Sci, Key Lab Particle Astrophy, Inst High Energy Phys, Beijing 100049, Peoples R China
8.Chinese Acad Sci, Expt Phys Div, Inst High Energy Phys, Beijing 100049, Peoples R China
9.Chinese Acad Sci, Comp Ctr, Inst High Energy Phys, Beijing 100049, Peoples R China
10.Nanjing Univ, Sch Astron & Space Sci, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, Peoples R China
11.Guangzhou Univ, Ctr Astrophys, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, Peoples R China
12.Univ Chinese Acad Sci, Sch Phys Sci, Beijing 100049, Peoples R China
13.TIANFU Cosm Ray Res Ctr, Chengdu 610000, Sichuan, Peoples R China
14.Wuhan Univ, Sch Phys & Technol, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, Peoples R China
15.Chinese Acad Sci, Purple Mt Observ, Key Lab Dark Matter & Space Astron, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, Peoples R China
16.State Key Lab Particle Detect & Elect, Beijing 100049, Peoples R China
17.Hebei Normal Univ, Coll Phys, Ilebei 050024, Hebei, Peoples R China
18.Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ, Tsung Dao Lee Inst, Shanghai 200240, Peoples R China
19.Tibet Univ, Key Lab Cosm Rays, Minist Educ, Lhasa 850000, Tibet, Peoples R China
20.Chinese Acad Sci, Natl Astron Observ, Beijing 100101, Peoples R China
21.Sun Yat Sen Univ, Sch Phys & Astron, Zhuhai 519000, Guangdong, Peoples R China
22.Sun Yat Sen Univ, Sch Phys Guangzhou, Zhuhai 519000, Guangdong, Peoples R China
23.Yunnan Univ, Sch Phys & Astron, Kunming 650091, Yunnan, Peoples R China
24.Shandong Univ, Inst Frontier & Interdisciplinary Sci, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, Peoples R China
25.Tsinghua Univ, Dept Engn Phys, Beijing 100084, Peoples R China
26.Zhengzhou Univ, Sch Phys & Microelect, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, Peoples R China
27.Univ Geneva, Dept Phys Nucl & Corpusculaire, Fac Sci, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
28.Chinese Acad Sci, Yunnan Observ, Kunming 650216, Yunnan, Peoples R China
29.Russian Acad Sci, Inst Nucl Res, Moscow 117312, Russia
30.Univ Sci & Technol China, Sch Phys Sci, Hefei 230026, Anhui, Peoples R China
31.Guangxi Univ, Sch Phys Sci & Technol, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, Peoples R China
32.Peking Univ, Sch Phys, Beijing 100871, Peoples R China
33.Mahidol Univ, Fac Sci, Dept Phys, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
34.Univ Naples Federico II, Complesso Univ Monte St Angelo, Dipartimento Fis, I-80126 Naples, Italy
35.Moscow Inst Phys & Technol, Moscow 141700, Russia
36.Chinese Acad Sci, Natl Space Sci Ctr, Beijing 100190, Peoples R China
37.Chinese Acad Sci, Key Lab Res Galaxies & Cosmol, Shanghai Astron Observ, Shanghai 200030, Peoples R China
38.Chinese Acad Sci, Inst High Energy Phys, Beijing 100049, Peoples R China
Recommended Citation
GB/T 7714		 Aharonian, F.,An, Q.,Axikegu,et al. Design and Testing of the Front-End Electronics of WCDA in LHAASO[J]. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NUCLEAR SCIENCE,2021,68(8):2257-2267.
APA Aharonian, F..,An, Q..,Axikegu.,Bai, L. X..,Bai, Y. X..,...&Zhao, S. P..(2021).Design and Testing of the Front-End Electronics of WCDA in LHAASO.IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NUCLEAR SCIENCE,68(8),2257-2267.
MLA Aharonian, F.,et al."Design and Testing of the Front-End Electronics of WCDA in LHAASO".IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NUCLEAR SCIENCE 68.8(2021):2257-2267.
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